Biological Assembly 1  

 3D View: Structure | Ligand Interaction

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Global Symmetry: Asymmetric - C1 
Global Stoichiometry: Hetero 48-mer - A2B2C2D2E2F2G2H2I2J2K2L2M2N2O2PQRSTUVWXYZabcdefg Pseudo Symmetry: Asymmetric - C1 
Pseudo Stoichiometry: Hetero 48-mer -A28B5C2D2E2FGHIJKLMN 

Biological assembly 1 assigned by authors.

Macromolecule Content

• Total Structure Weight: 1681814.88 
• Atom Count: 104938 
• Residue Count: 15012 
• Unique protein chains: 33

6MSB

Cryo-EM structures and dynamics of substrate-engaged human 26S proteasome

• DOI: 10.2210/pdb6MSB/pdb
• EMDataResource: EMD-9216

• Classification: HYDROLASE
• Organism(s): Homo sapiens
• Expression System: Homo sapiens


• Deposited: 2018-10-16 Released: 2018-12-05 
• Deposition Author(s): Mao, Y.D.
• Funding Organization(s): National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); National Institutes of Health/National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH/NHGRI) 

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Experimental Data Snapshot

• Method: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
• Resolution: 3 Å
• Aggregation State: PARTICLE 
• Reconstruction Method: SINGLE PARTICLE 

Literature

Cryo-EM structures and dynamics of substrate-engaged human 26S proteasome.

Dong, Y., Zhang, S., Wu, Z., Li, X., Wang, W.L., Zhu, Y., Stoilova-McPhie, S., Lu, Y., Finley, D., Mao, Y.

(2019) Nature 565: 49-55

• PubMed: 30479383 
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0736-4
• Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
  6MSK, 6MSJ, 6MSH, 6MSG, 6MSE, 6MSD


• PubMed Abstract: 
  

The proteasome is an ATP-dependent, 2.5-megadalton molecular machine that is responsible for selective protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of the substrate-engaged human proteasome in seven conformational states at 2.8-3.6 Å resolution, captured during breakdown of a polyubiquitylated protein. These structures illuminate a spatiotemporal continuum of dynamic substrate-proteasome interactions from ubiquitin recognition to substrate translocation, during which ATP hydrolysis sequentially navigates through all six ATPases. There are three principal modes of coordinated hydrolysis, featuring hydrolytic events in two oppositely positioned ATPases, in two adjacent ATPases and in one ATPase at a time. These hydrolytic modes regulate deubiquitylation, initiation of translocation and processive unfolding of substrates, respectively. Hydrolysis of ATP powers a hinge-like motion in each ATPase that regulates its substrate interaction. Synchronization of ATP binding, ADP release and ATP hydrolysis in three adjacent ATPases drives rigid-body rotations of substrate-bound ATPases that are propagated unidirectionally in the ATPase ring and unfold the substrate.

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Organizational Affiliation: 

Department of Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr. , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.,From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia, [e-mail].,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,the Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan, and.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, U.K.,Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, United States.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Clark Center, Stanford, CA, 94305-5345, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. [e-mail].,Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA [e-mail].,Biophysics Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F Perutz Laboratories, Center of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England.,Small Molecule Screening Facility, Carbone Cancer Center , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1111Highland Ave. , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Département de Biologie Structurale et Génomique , 1 rue Laurent Fries , BP10142, 67404 Illkirch , France.,Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; [e-mail] [e-mail].,the Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.,Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.,INSERM U1163 and CNRS 8254, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Paris, France.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France. [e-mail].,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Université de Strasbourg , CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS , 15 rue René Descartes , F-67000 Strasbourg , France.,Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, United States.,Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Molecular & Metabolic Oncology, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Life Sciences and National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Biocrystallography, Herestraat 49 BOX 822, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12222 , United States.,Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; [e-mail] [e-mail].,5Present Address: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) University of Milan viaCeloria 2 20133 Milan Italy.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Ave. , Rochester , New York 14620 , United States.,Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia, and [e-mail].,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Post Graduation Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Enzymology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, Celestijnenlaan 200F BOX 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Strasse 6, Marburg 35032, Germany.,Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS-UMR 8229 , Collège De France , 11 place Marcelin Berthelot , Paris 75231 Cedex 05 , France.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [e-mail].,School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,INSERM U944, Institute of Hematology, St. Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France.,Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,MRC, Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois.,Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, 30 Park Street, Kolkata 700016, India. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Napoli, Italy.,Institut für Biologie, Strukturbiologie/Biochemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie , École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States.,Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,IRCCS SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. [e-mail].,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, P.P. Oerumsgade 11, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Dip. di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan viaMangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy.,Business Development Department, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kandanishiki-cho, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, 100084 China.,Leidos Biomedical Research , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21701 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.,Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy. [e-mail].,Dip. di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K.,Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA. [e-mail].,Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and.,Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,d State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu , P.R. China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Strasse 4, Marburg 35032, Germany.,Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.,KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 BOX 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Biocrystallography, Herestraat 49 BOX 822, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Life Science Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States.,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. [e-mail].,the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110.,Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, and Platform Technology and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Swiss Light Source (SLS) , Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI) , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Hematology, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.,Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Structural and Chemical Biology Department. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago; Maywood, IL, United States of America.,Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, Box 1134, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Neuroscience Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, 10031, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology Vanderbilt, University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France. [e-mail].,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Rega Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil. [e-mail].,ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble CS 40220, France.,Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. [e-mail].,Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, 30 Park Street, Kolkata 700016, India.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Biologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, ESBS , UMR7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg , Bld S. Brant , 67412 Illkirch Cedex , France.,Macromolecular Diffraction Facility, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (MacCHESS) , Cornell University , 161 Synchrotron Drive , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Genentech, United States.,Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA. [e-mail].,Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Scripps Research Institute, United States.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Ruhr-University of Bochum , Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular NMR , Bochum 44780 , Germany.,Bio-Pharmaceutical Analysis Section (Bio-PhASe), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,From the Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany and.,the Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,INSERM U1163 and CNRS 8254, Imagine Institute, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4799, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospitals, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Biocenter, Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Picobiology/Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan.,Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Italy.,Sheffield Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.,Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.,School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England.,School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910-7500, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.,São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: [e-mail].,From the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NE-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. [e-mail].,The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK. [e-mail].,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America.,Focal Area Structural Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dip. di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. [e-mail].,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China. [e-mail].,Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.,Université Paris Est Faculté de Médecine Créteil 94000 France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, IA 52314, USA; Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association-Collaborative Access Team, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.,Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil. [e-mail].,Center for Molecular and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, P. O. Box 6010, 13083-875 Campinas, São Paulo 13083-886, Brazil. [e-mail].,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, Italy.,Dept.of Biochem., Chem. and Pharmacol., Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States.,School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. [e-mail] [e-mail].,The RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sato-gun, Hyogo, 678-5248, Japan.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Cornell University, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Bedson Building , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , U.K.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Polyphor Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.,Departments of Chemistry and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic.,Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. [e-mail].,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, P.P. Oerumsgade 11, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, United States.,Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Hashikamicho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K.,Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France. [e-mail].,BioCeV - Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , Leiden 2333CC , The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Russ Berrie Pavilion, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave, 10032, New York, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, [e-mail].,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. [e-mail].,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England.,Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BioCeV - Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.,3Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China.,National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Structural and Chemical Biology Department. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. [e-mail] [e-mail].,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. [e-mail].,Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.,the Centre for Blood Research, and.,University of Basel, Biozentrum, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P. O. Box 22006, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland.,Dip. di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via delle Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Vanderbilt University, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique , Université Paris-Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau Cedex , France.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. [e-mail].,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. [e-mail].,a Department of Dermatology , Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,c School of Life Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , P.R. China.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.,Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.,Molecular Cellular Biology Department, University of California, Davis, United States.,Unidad de Proteómica. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC. Melchor Fernández de Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dip. di Scienze Biochimiche "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Life Sciences and National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA [e-mail] [e-mail].,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. [e-mail].,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, Benevento, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane City, Chiba, Japan.,Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School , Newcastle University , Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place , Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH , U.K.,Quantum Beam Science Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.,Max Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Centre de Biochimie Structurale CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK. [e-mail].,Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BioCeV - Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. [e-mail].,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Janssen Research & Development, United States.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry University of Bayreuth Universitaetsstr. 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,Structural and Chemical Biology Department. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Protein Purification Core, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, P.P. Oerumsgade 11, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. [e-mail].,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. [e-mail].,the Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116024, China, and.,Sidney Kimmel Medical College, United States.,the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Structural and Chemical Biology Department. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. [e-mail].,ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. [e-mail].,State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 BOX 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. [e-mail].,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association-Collaborative Access Team, Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, P.P. Oerumsgade 11, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. [e-mail].,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [e-mail].,São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Structural Biology and Biochemistry program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India [e-mail].,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital , 2500 Overlook Terr. , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden. [e-mail].,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 4203 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr. , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.,Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology and University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Xtal BioStructures Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA.,Ruhr-University of Bochum , Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Physical Chemistry I , Bochum 44780 , Germany.,Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK. [e-mail].,CNRS, IBPS, Biology of Aging and Adaptation , Sorbonne Université , 7 quai Saint Bernard , Paris 7525 Cedex 05 , France.,the Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6907, Western Australia, Australia.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing, 100084 China.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , Université de Bordeaux-CNRS UMR 5248, CBMN , 2, rue Robert Escarpit , 33607 Pessac , France.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland. [e-mail].,HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, AgriBio, The Centre for AgriBioscience , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria 3086 Australia.,Structural and Chemical Biology Department. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [e-mail].,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 BOX 1030, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France.,Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Duke Macromolecular Crystallography Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France. [e-mail].,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia, and.,ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Zurich, Switzerland.,From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal, [e-mail].,MacCHESS, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 82152, Martinsried, Germany.,Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,BioCeV - Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, 30 Park Street, Kolkata 700016, India; Department of Cellular and Physiology, UBC 2350 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.,Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,California Nanosystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; [e-mail] [e-mail].,Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025 Guangdong, China.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [e-mail].,From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China, [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Thomas Jefferson University , 233 South 10th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19107 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3083, Australia.,Macromolecular Crystallography Research Center, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel. Electronic address: [e-mail].,Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States.,St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia. [e-mail].,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , Tennessee 38105 , United States.,Department of Metabolism and Redox Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Department of Protein Engineering, Biologics Research, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, Italy. [e-mail].,Inserm U955, Equipe 12 Créteil 94000 France.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,University of Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. [e-mail].,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854.,KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Plant Biodiversity Research , Technical University of Munich , 85354 , Freising , Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8226 CNRS Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France. [e-mail].,Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P. O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. [e-mail].,Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center-LS-CAT, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL, United States of America.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [e-mail].,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. [e-mail].,EMBL Australia Node, Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,b Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , P.R. China.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. [e-mail].,Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. [e-mail].,From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia.,Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,4Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics , National Research Council , Via Amendola 165/A , 70126 Bari , Italy.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0900, USA.,Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China. [e-mail].,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Macromolecular Crystallography (HZB-MX), Germany.,St Vincent's Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia. [e-mail].,HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China. [e-mail].,School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,the Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark, and.,From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, Italy. [e-mail].,Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, AFMB, Marseille, France.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Biocenter, Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 82152, Martinsried, Germany. [e-mail].,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland. [e-mail].,Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. [e-mail].,Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, 30 Park Street, Kolkata 700016, India; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854; [e-mail] [e-mail] [e-mail].,School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,University of Illinois, Department of Chemistry, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR47UH, United Kingdom.,From the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 [e-mail].,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: [e-mail].,From the Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany and [e-mail].,BIOLOG Life Science Institute, 28199, Bremen, Germany.,Research Group of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Faculty of Agriculture, Attached Promotive Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8581 , Japan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. [e-mail].,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.,From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus 8000, Denmark, [e-mail].,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Universités Paris Diderot and Paris-Sud, Fontenay aux Roses, France.,CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,e Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , SGC Center for Chemical Biology, 120 Mason Farm Rd. , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England.

Macromolecules

Find similar proteins by: Sequence  |  Structure

Entity ID: 1
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1	U	953	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD1
Find proteins for Q99460 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD1 Go to UniProtKB:  Q99460

Entity ID: 2
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3	V	534	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD3
Find proteins for O43242 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD3 Go to UniProtKB:  O43242

Entity ID: 3
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12	W	456	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD12
Find proteins for O00232 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD12 Go to UniProtKB:  O00232

Entity ID: 4
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11	X	422	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD11
Find proteins for O00231 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD11 Go to UniProtKB:  O00231

Entity ID: 5
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6	Y	389	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD6 (KIAA0107, PFAAP4)
Find proteins for Q15008 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD6 Go to UniProtKB:  Q15008

Entity ID: 6
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7	Z	324	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD7 (MOV34L)
Find proteins for P51665 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD7 Go to UniProtKB:  P51665

Entity ID: 7
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13	a	376	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD13
Find proteins for Q9UNM6 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD13 Go to UniProtKB:  Q9UNM6

Entity ID: 8
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4	b	377	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD4 (MCB1)
Find proteins for P55036 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD4 Go to UniProtKB:  P55036

Entity ID: 9
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14	c	309	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD14 (POH1) EC: 3.4.19.-
Find proteins for O00487 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD14 Go to UniProtKB:  O00487

Entity ID: 10
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8	d	349	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD8
Find proteins for P48556 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD8 Go to UniProtKB:  P48556

Entity ID: 11
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1	e	70	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: SEM1 (C7orf76, DSS1, SHFDG1, SHFM1)
Find proteins for P60896 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: SEM1 Go to UniProtKB:  P60896

Entity ID: 12
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2	f	908	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMD2 (TRAP2)
Find proteins for Q13200 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMD2 Go to UniProtKB:  Q13200

Entity ID: 13
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7	A	433	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC2 (MSS1)
Find proteins for P35998 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC2 Go to UniProtKB:  P35998

Entity ID: 14
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4	B	440	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC1
Find proteins for P62191 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC1 Go to UniProtKB:  P62191

Entity ID: 15
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8	C	398	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC5 (SUG1)
Find proteins for P62195 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC5 Go to UniProtKB:  P62195

Entity ID: 16
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B	D	418	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC4 (MIP224, TBP7)
Find proteins for P43686 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC4 Go to UniProtKB:  P43686

Entity ID: 17
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B	E	403	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC6 (SUG2)
Find proteins for P62333 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC6 Go to UniProtKB:  P62333

Entity ID: 18
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A	F	439	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMC3 (TBP1)
Find proteins for P17980 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMC3 Go to UniProtKB:  P17980

Entity ID: 19
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Ubiquitin	u, w	76	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: UBB
Find proteins for P0CG47 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: UBB Go to UniProtKB:  P0CG47

Entity ID: 20
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-6	G, g	245	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA6 (PROS27) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P60900 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA6 Go to UniProtKB:  P60900

Entity ID: 21
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-2	H, h	233	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA2 (HC3, PSC3) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P25787 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA2 Go to UniProtKB:  P25787

Entity ID: 22
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-4	I, i	260	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA4 (HC9, PSC9) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P25789 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA4 Go to UniProtKB:  P25789

Entity ID: 23
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-7	J, j	247	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA7 (HSPC) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for O14818 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA7 Go to UniProtKB:  O14818

Entity ID: 24
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-5	K, k	240	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA5 EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P28066 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA5 Go to UniProtKB:  P28066

Entity ID: 25
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-1	L, l	268	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA1 (HC2, NU, PROS30, PSC2) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P25786 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA1 Go to UniProtKB:  P25786

Entity ID: 26
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit alpha type-3	M, m	254	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMA3 (HC8, PSC8) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P25788 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMA3 Go to UniProtKB:  P25788

Entity ID: 27
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-6	N, n	238	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB6 (LMPY, Y) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P28072 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB6 Go to UniProtKB:  P28072

Entity ID: 28
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-7	O, o	276	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB7 (Z) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for Q99436 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB7 Go to UniProtKB:  Q99436

Entity ID: 29
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-3	P, p	204	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB3 EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P49720 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB3 Go to UniProtKB:  P49720

Entity ID: 30
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-2	Q, q	201	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB2 EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P49721 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB2 Go to UniProtKB:  P49721

Entity ID: 31
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-5	R, r	262	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB5 (LMPX, MB1, X) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P28074 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB5 Go to UniProtKB:  P28074

Entity ID: 32
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-1	S, s	240	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB1 (PSC5) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P20618 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB1 Go to UniProtKB:  P20618

Entity ID: 33
Molecule	Chains	Sequence Length	Organism	Details
Proteasome subunit beta type-4	T, t	263	Homo sapiens	Mutation(s): 0  Gene Names: PSMB4 (PROS26) EC: 3.4.25.1
Find proteins for P28070 (Homo sapiens) Go to Gene View: PSMB4 Go to UniProtKB:  P28070

Small Molecules

Ligands 4 Unique
ID	Chains	Name / Formula / InChI Key	2D Diagram & Interactions
ATP	A, B, D, E	ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE C10 H16 N5 O13 P3 ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA-KQYNXXCUSA-N
ZN	c	ZINC ION Zn PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ADP	C, F	ADENOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE C10 H15 N5 O10 P2 XTWYTFMLZFPYCI-KQYNXXCUSA-N
MG	A, B, D, E, F	MAGNESIUM ION Mg JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

• Method: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
• Resolution: 3 Å
• Aggregation State: PARTICLE 
• Reconstruction Method: SINGLE PARTICLE 

Software Package:

Software Name	Purpose
PHENIX	refinement

Structure Validation

Entry History & Funding Information

Deposition Data

• Deposited Date: 2018-10-16 
• Released Date: 2018-12-05 
• Deposition Author(s): Mao, Y.D.

---

Funding Organization	Location	Grant Number
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)	China	11774012
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)	China	91530321
National Institutes of Health/National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH/NHGRI)	United States	GM43601

Revision History 

• Version 1.0: 2018-12-05
  Type: Initial release
• Version 1.1: 2018-12-12
  Type: Data collection, Database references
• Version 1.2: 2019-01-16
  Type: Data collection, Database references
• Version 1.3: 2019-12-18
  Type: Author supporting evidence, Other